Assignment #27 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment #27 - Essay Example On the contrary, the civil population is deliberately kept ignorant of the internal issues of law and its executive and judicial aspects. Even as the police publicize the revolts within the cultural matrix of a close society, the exhibit clear double standards as the misdeeds of many police officers like Fuhrman are covered up at any cost. Simpson raises questions regarding the integrity of system of democratic government as it quite often keeps the general public in the dark regarding the political dynamics of the country and its inherent corrupting forces of power. He concludes that a society which is quick on punishing the minorities for the slightest offence should show the same amount of diligence when it comes to the police officers who abuse the minorities. Otherwise, the increasing cases against the minorities can be the result of such policemen with racist outlooks patrolling the streets of Los Angeles. 3. Simpson’s premises are both subjective and objective. He refers to his individual case where the police leaked false information to sway public opinion against him. But they showed dual standards when they hid the two lawsuits against Fuhrman and allowed his promotions to take place amidst the serious charges against him. On the objective front, Simpson argues that it is not fair to let a police officer like Fuhrman to continue in the department, not to speak of promotions, when charges of misconduct against him remain unproven. He also talks of a recent outrage by women’s groups that forced the department to identify those police officers who were guilty of domestic violence. This reveals the shocking amount to which policemen are susceptible to crimes against the concept of human rights. Under these premises, Simpson argues for a fairer stance by the legal system towards the LAPD. 4. The author’s individual conviction and moral values related to an equal

Cultural Practices that Influence Academic Performance Essay Example for Free

Cultural Practices that Influence Academic Performance Essay It is a basic or general rule and knowledge that the learning process and patterns differ for every student or learner. The concept of individual differences supports this idea as it builds on the theory that the structure or dimensions of the various faculties of individuals differ for each child, such as the physical, emotional, psychological, and cognitive faculties. From this point of view, we draw out the conclusion that individual differences must also mean that the pedagogical process should be designed to address them in order to facilitate learning in different kinds of situations. In other cases, not only are the various faculties considered, but also environmental factors such as social faculties, and more importantly, the cultural background from which an individual belongs to. With this in mind, the remainder of this text will look into the comparison and contrast of cultural factors that influence academic performance, particularly on a specific learning group – the Limited English Proficient or LEP students and the Fluent English Speakers or FES population. The primary difference between LEP and FES learners is the rate of standard of English language proficiency, either in listening, reading, writing and speaking. The implication of this particular inconsistency of English language proficiency when we talk about the learning situation is that learning becomes imbalanced or varied due to the different learning needs and demands of the aforementioned learning groups. Moreover, this also means that the teaching-learning process will cease to become effective if it lends itself to the traditional means of learning. For instance, since LEP learners lack the knowledge, skills, and competencies of displaying their proficiency on the English language, the curriculum as well as other learning aspects or situations are modified in order to make them less difficult and easier for the learners to understand at their own pace. On the other hand, the FES population has advanced and more developed proficiency in the English language. Therefore, the learning situation should be made challenging in order to increase or further learning and take it to the next level. The Interaction Model presented by Dr. Fred Tempes and Lilia Stapleton in their case study about bilingual education suggest that the academic performance of students when it comes to English language proficiency is dependent on the community background, the knowledge, skills, and competencies by the learner, the instructional method or techniques implemented, and the educational background. The condition of a learner’s community background constitutes the socio-economic status of families within the community and the academic performance of schools or academic institutions that provide learning opportunities for LEP students. These factors have something to do with the chance or capability of families to pay for bilingual educational programs for their children and the academic institution to provide effective and comprehensive bilingual educational programs. Another factor includes the primary language that families use at home and the kind of culture that exists within it. For instance, families that use Spanish as their primary language at home will expect their children to have difficulties in learning the English language in school. Moreover, a family that readily accepts the necessity to learn the English language would be more open to being involved, contributive, and supportive to the English learning process. (Tempes Stapleton, 1986) The student input factors that influence academic performance of LEP students include the obtained rate in English language proficiency, the academic performance rated and quantified for the English courses, and student mobility. In addition, the educational background that affects student academic performance for LEP students has something to do with the design, structure, learning objectives, and quality of educational programs implemented by academic institutions covering the institutional learning goals and objectives, the educational philosophies, the curriculum, the syllabus, instructional methods, strategies, techniques, and materials, and such. (Tempes Stapleton, 1986) On the other hand, the cultural factors that influence academic performance of the FES population differ from that of the LEP students. Culture, particularly language, is less likely to influence academic performance of the FES population since learning becomes easier and less challenging due to their increased proficiency of the English language which is the primary medium of instruction in academic institutions. For instance, instructions or directions are clearly understood leaving enough time for them to accomplish learning goals and objectives for English courses. However, academic institutions need to focus on the educational background or the ability of the academic institution to provide the highest standard of education for the FES population in order to increase the input of the students in terms of their academic performance and development of their English language skills and competencies. This particular difference is the primary reason why teachers express their difficulty in adjusting to the varying needs and demands of LEP students and the FES population. On the contrary, this particular situation is the reason why the government and academic institutions are continually raising the quality of education and educational programs since there is a pressing need to develop and implement bilingual education to address diverse needs of the student population. (Howard Loeb, 1998) The cultural factors that influence the academic performance of LEP students and the FES population has impacted how the government and academic institutions regard and acknowledge the importance of multicultural educational programs or curricula. Aside from the obvious need of LEP students to obtain an efficient, appropriate, and comprehensive language education, the rate of academic performance of the FES population when compared to that of the LEP students helped in establishing multicultural educational programs and curricula to address specific learning needs for both population. One example would be the No Child Left Behind or NCLB Act implemented by the U. S. government in 2001. Taking the context of the NCLB and applying it to the educational situation of American Indians in the country (Beaulieu, Sparks Alonzo, 2005), various discussions were conducted in order to reconcile the need to implement NCLB but at the same time preserve the culture of American Indians through culturally-sensitive educational programs (Campbell, 2000). While effective programs for FES students rely on the continuity of traditional education programs that does not incorporate special courses or directives for the learning of English as a second language, educational programs for LEP or ESL students incorporate the accomplishment of educational standards and guidelines for the learning of the English language while at the same time implementing the traditional programs for FES students which not only focuses on English courses but other subjects, courses, or programs as well. Therefore, the educational programs and curricula for LEP or ESL students are more specialized and particular to the learning of the English language in traditional educational settings, including the need to become integrated to society through the learning process and learn traditional concepts inclusive of regular educational programs, making it more challenging and difficult as compared to those provided for the FES population. (Thomas Collier, 1997) Aside from the implementation of multicultural curriculum as means to develop and improve education for LEP and ESL students, the knowledge, skills, and competencies of teachers in teaching the English language to second language learners should also be evaluated and assessed. TESOL discussed the need not only to improve multicultural curricula, but also to develop teaching capabilities and competencies through teacher education. This will be done by raising standards and guidelines in accrediting teacher education programs. (TESOL Task Force ESL Program Review Specialist, 2008) Considering teacher competencies is one way of addressing the needs of LEP and ESL students and acknowledging the fact that academic performance is not the concern of the students, their parents, and the community alone. One of the main contributors to the academic performance of LEP and ESL students also include the â€Å"teacher factor. † TESOL’s contribution to raising the standards of teacher education to improve the quality of multicultural educational programs has paved way to the rising quality of multicultural educational programs for the benefit of the LEP and ESL students. References Beaulieu, D. , Sparks, L. Alonzo, M. (2005). No Child Left Behind in Indian Country. NIEA Preliminary Report: National Indian Education Association. Campbell. (2000). Amending the Native American Languages Act to Provide for the Support of Native American Language Survival Schools, and for Other Purposes. The Committee on Indian Affairs, 106th Congress: The United States Senate. Howard, E. R. Loeb, M. I. (1998). In Their Own Words: Two-Way Immersion Teachers Talk About Their Professional Experiences. Center For Applied Linguistics: ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics. TESOL Task Force ESL Program Review Specialist. (2008). Standards for the Accreditation of Initial Programs in P-12 ESL Teacher Education. TESOL. Tempes, F. Stapleton, L. (1986). Case Studies in Bilingual Education. Federal Grant #G008303723 Thomas, W. P. Collier, V. (1997). School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students. Center for the Study of Language and Education. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis Essay -- essays research papers

Bacterial Conjunctivitis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bacterial Conjunctivitis, commonly known as â€Å"pink eye†, is one of the most well-known and treatable eye infections for both children and adults. The name was chosen because it is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It is commonly called â€Å"pink eye† because of the red color of the eye from irritation and was described as such.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several different microorganisms cause Bacterial Conjunctivitis, the most common being Haemophilus aegyptius, the Koch-week bacillus. This type of bacterium is gram-negative and rod shaped. Haemophilus means â€Å"blood loving†and therefore grow in chocolate agar which contains disrupted blood cells. Other bacterium which may cause Bacterial Conjunctivitis include Streptococcus and Staphlyococcus. The incidence of Bacterial Conjunctivitis caused by gram positive bacterium are more predominate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different types of bacterium which cause Conjunctivitis are highly contagious and transmitted by face to face contact and through airborne droplets. Conjunctivitis can also be passed through facial lotions, eye-make up and other shared materials with an infected person. Touch, espeacially in children, is usually how the bacterium are transmitted!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symptoms of Bacterial Conjunctivitis include redness in t...

Employee Theft Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Employee Theft The following memorandum written by a director of a security and safety consulting service discusses a critical issue effecting business in our economy today, that of employee theft. "Our research indicated that, over past six years, no incident of employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been our clients. In analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo identification badges while at work. In the future, we should recommend the uses of such identification badges to all of our clients." The issue of employee theft is a broad problem and has different labels to identify it, shrinkage for the retail industry and hidden profit loss in the technology sector are serval examples of common terms used for employee theft. The author of this memorandum presents several data points and suggests one recommendation to effect the issue of employee theft based on a sampling of th e client population. The overall recommendation of "†¦the use of such identification badges to all of our clients." sounds reasonible. A closer look at the conclusion that identification badges alone will resolve the greater issue of employee theft is difficult to support with the amount and type of data given. In today's complex business environment, an identification badge would not address much greater corporate assets and their protection. To the technology industry for ...

9-11 and how it affected the United States Essay

Tuesday, September 11, 2001 was a day that devastated our entire nation and changed the lives of every American in some way. This was one of the most horrible tragedies in our nations history, because of all the lives lost and the twin towers that were demolished. The events that took place on September 11 had an outstanding effect on our country. The 9-11 tragedy was terrible yet unforgettable event. One year after this tragedy feels like a very short period of time. There was Pearl Harbor, Oklahoma City, and now 9-11 is added to the list of American tragedies. With all the deaths of 9-11 almost everyone knows someone or knows someone who knows someone that was either in the World Trade Center and survived or died in the World Trade Center. This is an extremely sad but true way to look at it. Our country now tries to move on from this terrible experience, but will never forget it. 9-11 affected everyone as a whole as well as personally. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay For better or for worse the September 11 tragedy changed America. Besides taking thousands of lives and knocking down the Twin Towers this tragedy has brought our nation closer together. We will now have another topic to add to the history books and pass on to prevent something like this from happening again. All Americans will remember where they were when the Twin Towers went down. Another affect anyone can see all around our country is patriotism. Everyone now has new pride in the United States. Although the events of 9-11 took so much away from us it made our country stronger as a whole.

Grameen Phone Essay Example

Grameen Phone Essay Example Grameen Phone Essay Grameen Phone Essay Skilled and qualified work force can ensure better standard of products, services and organizational performance. And the quality of this workforce Is solely dependent on the recruitment process. Only a comprehensive and fair recruitment process can ensure the inclusion of the best options to the organization Gramophone ,being the leading telecommunication brand in Bangladesh, carries an extensive and multi dimensional recruitment process to ensure premium standard of human resource. With an attempt to finding the best individuals, Gramophone conducts a multi- leveled recruitment procedure. At different levels of this process different aspects and dimensions of the individuals behavior and knowledge is assessed. The whole assessment system comprises of steps like: Initial screening , written test, interview etc. And all these steps are intended to Analyze the candidates on the basis of Experience, Exposure and Education ,generally known as the sees. Thus the recruitment process of GAP Is designed to evaluate a candidate basing not only on his academic credentials but also on his behavioral and psychological aspects. And The highly experienced selection panel and extremely transparent assessment process enables Gramophone rightly to do so and provide GAP with the best work force available Thus the fastidious and inclusive nature of Gasp recruitment has helped it become unique and probably The best in this sector. And subsequently enabled GAP to sustain the standard of work force to the highest degree . Introduction to gramophone: Gramophone started its journey in Bangladesh as a joint venture of telethon and Grahame telecoms corporation on 26th march, 1997. : Since Its inception it created a rand value In the mind of the customers through premium product quality, extensive network faceless and customer oriented services and thus It was able to establish Itself as the leading telecommunication company In Bangladesh. Besides conventional services its wide range of exclusive and innovative customer services like Byplay, Cellarer, Mobility helped it to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. In its tenure of 16 years it has created over 16 million customers to become the largest telecommunication brand in Bangladesh. And it has succeeded to establish it as a glowing Image of sensibility. Reliability and trust. Why are we choosing gap: Among several other organizations/brands, it has succeeded to differentiate itself from the others through professionalism, sincerity, reliability, transparency etc in its recruitment process. Through its comprehensive recruitment procedure, it has succeeded to filtrate the most talented and skilled brains of the country over the years. Thus with the help of latest technologies, extensive consumer analysis, Impeccable product and service quality and most of all a wide range of the most qualified professionals, technicians. Employees and service providers, has enabled setting the recruitment process of GAP will certainly unravel the recipe of flawless recruitment Scope of study: Recruitment process of GAP: Over the years gramophone has succeeded to maintain its impeccable standard of human resource. And the thing that has helped gramophone to maintain such standard i n the field of human resource is its flawless and comprehensive recruitment process. Through its multi dimensional recruiting process GAP has succeeded to filtrate the most talented and skilled individuals of the country. GAP has a standard recruiting process consisting of multiple steps and levels. Which helps to analyze each candidates aptitude,effectiveness and skills. Then Human resource department evaluates each candidate basing on the results and documents of their performance on each level. And thus by analyzing all the aspects they select the best candidates. The pros and corns of the Recruitment process of GAP is described below: Classification of recruitment: Generally GAP goes for two kinds of recruitment basing on their demands and requirements. Hey are 1 . Lanterns recruitment. 2. External recruitment. Internal recruitment: When a company fills up vacancies with its own manpower hen it is referred as internal recruitment. In case of internal recruiting internal recruiting existing employees are informed about vacancies through the official medias and links. And afterwards qualified and able candidates are either promoted or replaced to the vacant place on the basis of their qualifications and existing performance. External recruitment: External recruitment is the recruitment process where an organization fills up its vacancies by recruiting people from external sources. External recruitment is more complex in nature and requires more effort and budget. Steps of recruitment: Once a vacancy is created GAP goes through a standardized and structured recruitment process. Len these steps different dimensions of the candidates physical and mental faculty of the candidate is Judged as per the Job requirement. He steps of the recruitment are: Identifying the need to recruit Advertisement Initial screening The written test The interview Candidate Assessment The medical test Appointment and orientation model) Identifying the need to recruit: Recruitment budget (same baa Identifying vacancy is the first step of recruitment process. A vacancy is created mainly due to two reasons. Hey are:l . Resignation and 2. Business growth. Irrespective of the reason, the information of vacancy is intimidated to the Hum an resource department by the concerned department. Then human HER defines the requirements basing on the Job nature and functions. Len case of new role they define up a detailed list of tasks that the person will have to do. This helps in determining the qualities and qualification genuinely required the Job. 2. Bib description:Next they produce an outline of the broad responsibilities(rather than detailed task) involved in the Job. 3. Person specification:then the decide what kills,experience,qualification and attributes someone will need to do the Job as defined in the task analysis and Job description. Hush in the first step of the recruitment process of GAP, they find out the vacancy,the position of the Job,required qualifications of the Job,Job description,and the personality traits desired determining the recruitment budget: upon request from the concerned department,the HER department makes an estimated budget. Finance and account department also takes part in this process. Thus a budget plan is determined and sanctioned upon the approval of higher authority. Advertisement: In this step GAP(HER department) advertises the vacancies to inform eligible candidates. Len this respect GAP is slightly non traditional in the perspective of Bangladesh. GAP uses internet as its only major medium of advertisement. Len these advertisements ,the Job qualifications are properly mentioned with some other necessary information to limit the number of applicants as well as to find the best candidates for the Job. Besides,the ads give a brief description of the Job along with the programs etc. Thus the advertisements provide the candidates with clear conception about the Job and its particulars. Initial screening: Upon receiving the C.v.,the initial screening takes place. GAP(HER Department) shortlists the number of candidates based upon the information provided in the applications. N this step HER conducts the screening basing on two set of criteria. They are:written criteria and unwritten criteria. Written criteria encircles the requirements that are mentioned in the advertisements. Elf HER fails to fails to minimize the number of candidates basing on the written criteria, then they go for unwritten institutions,work experience etc. Writte n examination: the candidates passing through the initial screening possess are hen called for a written examination(not always). This test is to evaluate Job knowledge,communication skills,analytical aptitude and mental promptness of the candidates. The interview :A panel of managers takes the interview of the candidates who have passed the written test. The panel generally have managers from HER and the concerned department. These well structured interviews focus on required competencies for the particular post. These interviews are designed to solicit information from a persons response to oral inquiries. Apart from Judging the educational and theoretical knowledge of the candidates,these interviews are features like leadership,honesty,presence of mind are verified through skillful questioning.

Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarezs Poetry

Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarezs Poetry Cultural assimilation, acceptance and the search for identity are dominant themes in many of Julia Alvarez’s poems. Being an immigrant from the Dominican Republic, Julia faced several assimilation problems when her family moved to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarez’s Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of this, Alvarez had trouble adapting to a new culture, climate and people, and faced difficulty in coping with issues such as cultural differences and lack of acceptance. However, she gave vent to her feelings using poetry as a medium. Her poems reflect her experience and sensitivity for new immigrant families which face similar difficulties. Alvarez’s poems ‘Queens 1963’, ‘Dusting’, and ‘First Muse’ express her knowledge of cultural assimilation, acceptance and th e search for identity by immigrant families. In the poem ‘Queens, 1963’ Julia Alvarez recalls her experience of moving to the United States from another land. She recollects the time when she and her family had moved in and â€Å"everyone seemed more American† than them (Alvarez, Queens, 1). Alvarez uses specific words to vividly describe her multiculturally diverse neighborhood where people from different communities coexisted including the ‘Castelluccis’, the ‘Balakians’ ‘Mr. Scott’ and his â€Å"plump Midwestern wife†, the ‘Jewish counselor’, and the ‘German’ family. However, the arrival of â€Å"a black family† (Alvarez, Queens, 8) had suddenly caused the place to become inhospitable and unfriendly towards these new immigrants. This prejudiced attitude shocked Alvarez who recollects how each of these families had once ought a hard battle for acceptance and assimilation into the Ame rican soil. These families were now practicing the same intolerance which they had faced when they had arrived. Alvarez states that the seclusion of the African American family by her neighborhood was another desperate attempt to be like the American society, which does not welcome new immigrants. Alvarez points to the hypocritical attitude of the neighborhood woman Mrs. Bernstein, who conceded that â€Å"it was time the neighborhood opened up† as â€Å"she remembered the snubbing she got a few years back from Mrs. Scott† (Alvarez, Queens, 36-40), but worried that the real estate prices would plummet with the arrival of the African American family. Another couple, the Scotts, considered â€Å"moving back home where white and black got along by staying where they belonged† (Alvarez, Queens, 23-24). Racial intolerance is seen at its peak when â€Å"Mrs. Scott swept her walk as if it had just been dirtied† after the family had walked by.Advertising L ooking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here the word ‘dirtied’ is used figuratively. Here the word ‘dirty’ is used as a connotation implying that the presence of the immigrant family is unhealthy and unclean. Alvarez is hurt and dismayed not only by the attitude of the neighborhood community who treat the new family like a stigma, but the American society at large which is hostile to the African American family, after whose arrival she notices cop cars patrolling their block due to â€Å"rumors of bomb threats† (Alvarez, Queens, 12). Alvarez sympathizes deeply for the new African American family which reminds her of her own struggles to be assimilated and accepted by the American society. She wishes to be kind to the girl from the family but sadly is unable to do so. Before she could make â€Å"a welcoming gesture† her â€Å"hand lifted but fell† (Alvarez, Queens, 54-55). This gesture of the hand provides vivid imagery, literally creating an image in the reader’s mind. The girl from the new family reminded Alvarez of her own plight when she had moved to the United States and had not yet been accepted completely by the community. Alvarez immediately identified with this â€Å"look† which was â€Å"hardness mixed with hurt† due to the knowledge that â€Å"she could never be the right kind of an American† (Alvarez, Queens, 59-61). The poem ends with a tone of melancholy bringing out the sad plight of discrimination and prejudices prevalent in American society by those who were once new immigrants of this â€Å"free country† (Alvarez, Queens, 74). Julia Alvarez’s poem ‘Dusting’ is a short, symbolic and meaningful poem which also revolves around the theme of cultural assimilation, a longing strongly held by immigrants to a new place. The image ‘dusting’ has bee n symbolically used as an act of cleansing ones previous cultural traits in order to be accepted into the larger society. The poem talks about Alvarez’s strong persistent desire for forming her own identity, which she expressed â€Å"each morning† by writing her name â€Å"on the dusty cabinet† (Alvarez, Dusting, 1-2). She would imprint her name in capital letters on the house furniture including the dining table and the backs of chairs, while her mother wiped it all away, removing any traces of dust and marks left behind by her. Alvarez’s mother’s ‘dusting’ activity has been used as a metaphor to depict the desire to assimilate into and be accepted by the American society at large. Alvarez’s continual act of writing her initials in capital letters on the dusty furniture is symbolic of the struggles of the younger generation trying to create their own identities in a foreign land.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarez’s Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While Alvarez’s mother dusts the house to maintain cleanliness in her home, Alvarez struggles hard to imprint her initials. Both Alvarez and her mother are persistent in their efforts; the mother tirelessly engages in the activity to ensure that her home is clean while Alvarez ceaselessly puts her signature on every piece of furniture, knowing fully well that her mother is going to wipe it all away without a trace. Alvarez leaves her signature â€Å"in capitals† on every piece of furniture in the house. She states that â€Å"the bookshelf and rocker, polished mirrors on the desk† are all â€Å"scribbled with my alphabets† (Alvarez, Dusting, 11-12). These objects create vivid imagery in the reader’s mind. The desire for creating a mark and search for self is so strong in Alvarez that she refuses to give up. Her strong grit and determination are visible in her undying refusal to quit as she continues to leave her signature wherever possible in the house. Alvarez is undeterred with her mother’s ‘dusting’ efforts due to which her â€Å"name is swallowed in the towel† that is used to clean and shine all the house furniture. Alvarez refuses â€Å"be like her, anonymous† mother who lives a silent life of non-identity. She defiantly tries her best and does not give up her efforts. While her mother accepts a life of conformity within the home, Alvarez is not willing to do so. She does not wish to settle for a life where women are confined to the household and engage in domestic tasks. She is unwilling to conform to the â€Å"anonymous† domesticated life in which women have no identity. Her act of scribbling her initials all through the house furniture mark her struggle for creating her identity and finding her place in a culture whi ch restricts women to the confines of a home. In her poem ‘First Muse’ Julia Alvarez once again defies the cultural and literary norms of society by failing to abide by its fixed rules. Alvarez recalls a childhood incident when she had heard a â€Å"famous poet pronounce† that â€Å"one can only write poems in the tongue in which one first said mother† (Alvarez, First Muse, 1-3), which had caused her to completely give up writing. She was devastated and hoped that perhaps she had been exposed to the English language in childhood when her mother may have â€Å"left the radio on† beside her crib â€Å"tuned to the BBC or Voice of America† (Alvarez, First Muse, 11-12). Alvarez was shattered by the thought of not being a native English speaker since she was deeply involved with writing English texts, something she loved. The idea of non-acceptance and non-recognition was so devastating to to her that she â€Å"suffered from a bad writer’s -block† (Alvarez, First Muse, 17), â€Å"gave up writing† and â€Å"watched lots of TV† (Alvarez, First Muse, 21). She lost her confidence and thought that since Spanish was her native language, she was not eligible to use English anymore.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, once again her strong indomitable will surfaced when she saw Chiquita Banana on television. Chiquita had a â€Å"sassy, olive-skinned† and â€Å"lilting accent so full of feeling it seemed the way the heart would speak English if it could speak† (Alvarez, First Muse, 24-28). This brought back Alvarez’s lost confidence and she decided that she will continue to write in English. Alvarez proudly claimed â€Å"I am Chiquita Banana and I’m here to say† accepting her differences yet asserting her will and determination to create her identity in a culture which she was not born in (Alvarez, First Muse, 29-30). It seems that Chiquita Banana indeed became Alvarez’s â€Å"new muse† since it gave her the confidence and will to create her own individual space in a foreign culture. Once again, Alvarez had broken the shackles of conformist society creating her own identity in a world where she was not born. She defied the norms of culture and decided to reject the restrictions imposed by society. The themes of acceptance, identity and assimilation resonate in all the three poems ‘Queen, 1963’, ‘Dusting’ and ‘First Muse’ by Julia Alvarez. In ‘Queens, 1963’ Alvarez points how immigrants go through immense suffering and challenges in a new culture and society. She expresses her shock at the attitude of her neighbors in their failure to accept a new immigrant family. In the poem ‘Dusting’, Alvarez distinguishes the struggles between the old and new generation as they struggle for acceptance in a new culture. She does not wish to be like her mother and spend her life in anonymity simply for the sake of being accepted in society; rather she ceaselessly demonstrated her iron will to break free from the shackles of societal norms and desires to create her own identity. Finally, in ‘First Muse’ Alvarez’s struggle and search for her individual ity end. Rather than losing her identity, she accepts it and creates a unique place for herself by deciding to continue writing English texts even though her mother tongue was Spanish. All the three poems reflect Alvarez’s struggle and strong character to create her own personality without denying her cultural roots. Alvarez, Julia. Queens, 1963. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print. Alvarez, Julia. Dusting. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print. Alvarez, Julia. First Muse. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print.

Free sample - Corporate Labor Relations. translation missing

Corporate Labor Relations. Corporate Labor RelationsLabor relations are an expansive concept which mostly guides the relationships between employers and employees. While labor relations are mostly applied when the relationship involves employees in trade unions but also they can apply for those not in unions. Labor relations are integrated into a national policy on labor.   The government and a nation’s various regulations provide to the industry principles regarding the treatment of employees. In the United States of America, labor relations gained a huge boost with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in the year 1935. The National Labor Relations Act gave most employees these rights. The case was upheld by the high court around the year 1937. The National Labor Relations Act 1935 also advocates for affirmative action. Affirmative action refers to an employer giving equal employment opportunities to the employees (Ackers, 2003; Kaufman, 2004). The employer is not supposed to discriminate the employees along whatever line be it race, color, religion, origin, sex, age, citizenship or even disability. Any discrimination based on whatever characteristics would be treated as a breach of labor relations and rights. Forms of breach of labor relations Many organizations in the US have for long time discriminated workers along the lines of race. Many organizations in the United States of America absorb whites at the expense of the black Americans. If all the unemployed black Americans were to replace the employed white workers only 1 per cent of the whites will be affected. This shows how important the affirmative action is and all the employers need to be compelled to adopt it. The other phenomenon of breach of the labor relations is captured in the poor working conditions. This means that they are not entitled to any benefits, their pay is poor and they cannot join the existing trade unions. With such working conditions, those casual workers operate as if they do not have rights. The labor relations call for employers to ensure job security for all their employees. Many organizations do not allow for permanent terms which require the employee to sign for appointment contract which stipulates the terms and conditions of the job including the grounds and arrangements upon which an employee can be laid off. Breach of labor relations is always illegal. This is because it violates human rights. It also breaks the law governing labor in the United States of America. As a result breach of labor relations is a civil case answerable in a court of law. National Labor Relations Act 1935 of the US has quite a number of options to deal with such case of breach of labor relations. One of the common options is by ensuring that the complainant is fully compensated for any damages. The compensation can be monetary or incase the employee was laid off to be reinstated. Another option is fining the organization and letting the fine go to the government’s kitty. The organization can also be compelled to adopt the regulation and execute it to all its employees. This will ensure that employees get more permanent terms, job security, better pays, form trade unions which can fight for their rights when need be. In conclusion, there are two broad forms which breach of labor relations can take. The first form of breach includes discrimination of the person along a given line For instance. color or race. This influences who gets a job and who does not. The other form is as a result of violating human rights For instance. poor working conditions.

Federalist Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federalist Paper - Essay Example Indeed, people have the power to influence future course of actions and contribute to the formation of new political equation. The social change is critical paradigm that accelerates political transformation, introducing new mechanisms of establishing more effective democratic values and processes. People become the agent of changes and their empowered decisions pave way to radical equations of socio-economic and political compulsions. Jay fears that the confederacies of the Union would not be able to restrain invasions from the outside but federal structure, thus envisaged, would be more effective because of its dual nature. The confederacies would be able to focus on development of their people and region while the wider policies of defense etc. would be the responsibility of the federal Union of America. People would be able to enjoy the fundamental rights and would help create new channels of development and establish government that is committed to the welfare of the

Exercise Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise Psychology - Assignment Example The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the lungs the inhalation of oxygen then oxygenates this blood. The heart’s left atrium sends this now oxygenated blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. This ventricle contracts and pumps the blood into the aorta and then into the blood through the arteries as a means of supplying oxygen. This blood is then deoxygenated and returns to the body through the veins. This blood then enters the superior vena cava and the right atrium. After passing through the right atrium the blood goes through the right ventricle and finally back to the lungs and the pulmonary artery. 2. The aerobic energy system functions within the body as a means of producing energy. There are three specific parts to this system: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (‘What is exercise’). The glycolysis component of the aerobic system is the primary energy source for cell activities. The body receives energy from the glycolic system through a process referred to as oxidation. During this process the body produces two ATP molecules, a reduced molecule of NAD (NADH), and two pyruvate molecules. The specific oxidation occurs within the cytoplasm of normal body cells or within the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. The second stage of the aerobic system is the Krebs Cycle. The Krebs Cycle specifically refers to the process where chemical reactions occur to produce carbon dioxide and ATP. Subsequently, these items are implemented for energy. This occurs in a cyclical process where oxygen is implemented towards the production of energy; it is then implemented through oxidation to convert ADP to ATP. The Krebs Cycle turns twice for each molecule of glucose that passes through the aerobic system (McMahon 1984, p. 112). In these regards, pyruvate molecules enter the Krebs Cycle and are converted to Acetyl Coenzymes. During this process for each molecule of pyruvate that is converted to acetyl coenzyme A, an NAD is also reduced (McMahon 1984, p. 112). Notably, the entirety of this process occurs within the matrix of the cells’ mitochondria. The final part of the aerobic system is the electron transport chain. Within the electron transport chain, stored energy is implemented as a gradient between protons across cells. This is then used to create ATP, or known as energy. This stage of the aerobic cycle occurs on the cristae; this is the unfolding of the membrane of the mitochondria (McMahon 1984, p. 112). The NADH+ from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, and FADH+ pass through this electron transport chain and provides enough energy to produce three molecules of ATP (McMahon 1984, p. 112). Additionally, the molecules of FADH+ that are produced each provide two molecules of ATP. Many exercises implement the aerobic energy system. These forms of exercise are also referred to as cardio exercises as they impact the cardiovascular system. These exercises specifically implement oxygen via aerobic metabolic processes. As such the forms of exercise that most prominently implement the aerobic system are exercises such as running, jogging, or swimming (Fox 2001, p. 12). Additionally, there are specific exercise programs aimed to target the aerobic system, such as ‘aerobics’ or pilates. 3. The anaerobic energy system is contrasted from the aerobic energy system. One considers that there are two types of anaerobic energy

The BP gulf oil spill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The BP gulf oil spill - Assignment Example The BP gulf oil spill As a result of the explosion, 4.9 millions barrels of crude oil were released into the surrounding water before the wells were capped in July. The spilt oil caused considerable damage to the wildlife and marine animals. Similarly, on July 6th 2011, it was reported that ExxonMobil had spill around a 1000 barrels of oil into the Yellowstone River on the coast of Montana as an underground pipeline under the river bed ruptured. While ExxonMobil has taken on the responsibility of cleaning the river and all damage caused, the question arises whether the government has done enough to protect the environment from further such disasters. Surely after the BP oil spill, such a disaster should not have occurred, especially barely a year after the last one. What did the government do in light of the first disaster, and what will they be doing after this one? If these companies are drilling for oil, they are naturally doing it with the consent of the government, who are in turn doing it for the betterment of the citizens. But if they are doing so, do they not have a responsibility to ensure that all risk of the cost of doing so is reduced and minimal? And if it is indeed their responsibility to do so, in the light of the fact that failure to do so has occurred time and again, what is the government doing to prevent further such mistakes. More importantly, why do these mistakes occur, time and again. When investigatio n was carried out into the causes behind the BP oil spill it was found that had overlooked several factors, that had they been correctly addressed might have prevented the accident2. For the sake of cutting back on costs, BP, Halliburton and Transocean had worked on a lower budget, thereby compromising on quality control. For example. BP had overlooked the strength of the cement being used in the walls of the pipes, as well as incorrectly cementing the walls of the pipes34. Furthermore, the failed result of several pressure tests were also ignored, which had they been properly addressed, might have prevented the ultimate bursting of the well. But while BP was considerably criticized for their faults in preventing the oil spill, the fact was that the US government also missed considerable chances to prevent the attack and then later on further responses in light of the attack5. For one thing, officials initially underestimated the threat of a leak, taking on the word of BP officials when they were asked about it a year earlier6. Once the leak occurred, they underestimated the extent of the leak. They was assumed that oil on the surface of the water was merely that: on the surface. It was not understood that it was spilling from an underground source, and thereby spread not only on the surface but rather throughout the water. As a result of this underestimation, the government disregarded the need for critical action, trusting the word of the company that said would take care of it. Oil critics say that government officials rely on oil companies to manage the oil spills, meaning they do not go into the investigation personally by going on site or into an in-depth investigation, thereby making their response to the spill inadequate. Critics also say that the government should not trust that companies have enough resources to judge in advance whether a risk exists and then once it occurs, whether they have the resources to take care of it. In the light that it doe sn't, the government sh

Systems and Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and Operations Management - Assignment Example Competition between Airbus and Boeing as the world's dominant commercial aircraft manufacturers sets the overall tone for the air transportation industry. Currently both companies dominate about 90% of the air transportation market with very few major competitors on the horizon. Their latest models of A380 and Boeing 747 proved that companies are willing and able to meet the constantly changing demand of the customers in terms of flight efficiency and increased number of seats. While Boeing 747 was welcomed positively by the customers, development and introduction of A380 at the market reduced the market share of Boeing by approximately 14.8% (Newhouse, 2007). In such a way, Airbus A380 proved to be the world’s most advanced spacious and efficient aircraft (McKeegan, 2007). The current paper will analyze the role of systems and operations management, including Soft Systems Methodology, at Airbus and their integration within the business. In addition, the paper will explain how the Airbus information systems and operations management should be updated in order to support and improve their business efficiency. Finally, the paper will analyze the people, technology and organizational issues involved in improving the operations at Airbus. Brief Overview of Airbus and A380 Development Airbus has been in business for about 30 years and is jointly owned by European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company-EADS (80%) and BAE systems (20%), which are two of the largest defense contractors (Addison, 1993). Now Airbus is a single company, headquartered in Toulouse, France, began as a French-German consortium in 1970 that was soon joined by Spain and later Britain. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready to fly items. In 2000 DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, Aerospatiale-Matra and CASA in Spain merged to form EADS (Gunston, 2010). In 2001 BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace) and EADS formed the Airbus Integrated Company to coincide with the develo pment of the new Airbus A380, which will seat 845 passengers and be the world's largest commercial passenger jet. The development of A380 has been agreed as industrial cooperation across Europe, mainly Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Spain. The final assembly of the aircraft should have been done by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace in Hamburg, Germany and Aerospatiale-Matra in Toulouse, France. The picture below shows the basic dimensions of A380 in comparison with other aircrafts like B777-300, B747 and A340-600 (Newhouse, 2007). The Airbus product line consists of 14 aircraft models, starting from the 100-seat single-aisle A318 jetliner to the 525-seat A380 in three-class categories or 825-seat in one-class category with 2-4-2 seating configuration, which is now the largest civil airliner in service. The aircraft has wider seats than in previous versions and the size of individual seat screen is also wider. Until April 2011, Airbus received 234 orders for their A380 aircraft whil e 46 have been already delivered to the customers and started being in operation (see Table 1 in the Appendix). The Airbus A380 project was delayed for 18 months with an additional

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In this brief treatise, the history and evolution of CSR will be described and followed by a discussion on the concept and drivers of CSR. Focus is put on the role of CSR in the financial crisis, the implications of CSR for both business and communities, and the prospects of CSR for the future. History and Evolution of CSR While the concept of business corporations possessing some type of social accountability or obligation may have surfaced in the past, the serious study of corporate social responsibility as a facet of management commenced in the 1950s and was called by a host of other names (see Table 1). In 1953, Bowen posed the following question: ‘To what extent do the interests of business in the long run with the interests of society?’ (Bowen 1953, p. 5) The corporate responsibility core concept emerged as an economic concern. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of US Steel, articulated two principles supportive of CSR: (1) the ‘charity principle’ requiring individuals who have more to assist those who have less; and (2) the ‘stewardship principle’ stating that the rich and wealthy hold their wealth ‘in trust’ for the rest of society; while they hold it, they are required to multiply the wealth through making sound and prudent investments (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Carnegie’s position was termed ‘richesse oblige’ by Windsor (2001), which is a parody of ‘noblesse oblige’. On the other side of the debate is the argument of Milton Friedman that corporations should pursue their economic self-interest and that CSR activities amount to a moral wrong against the shareholders. Activities directed at the social welfare should be properly left to the government (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Friedman’s position resounded among many businesspeople and practitioners, understandably more than academicians, and the concept of wealth creation as the priority (some say only) goal for business constituted a recurring theme of many policy makers. At one point the argument entered the realm of academic discussion, and the debate eventually led to the conciliation of the two sides: ‘wealth creation is the best path to social welfare improvement’ (Windsor 2001, p. 226). This approach has been accepted by most businesspeople and managers because it resolves the duality imposed by Bowen’s premise that separates wealth and social responsibility. What it does not resolve is the direction management should take if a decision should be required between what may emerge to be irreconcilable alternatives (i.e. in favour of wealth creation or in favour of social responsibility). Currently, the main promoter of the ideas and principles of corporate social responsibility is the United Nations (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 115). Through the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the UN sought to advance global standards for business firms, particularly the large multinational corporations, to abide by in order to preserve and protect human rights that these businesses may be violating in the interest of earning a profit. Table 1: The genesis of the concept of corporate social responsibility (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 116) Concept of CSR CSR is a ‘concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis’

Systems and Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and Operations Management - Assignment Example Competition between Airbus and Boeing as the world's dominant commercial aircraft manufacturers sets the overall tone for the air transportation industry. Currently both companies dominate about 90% of the air transportation market with very few major competitors on the horizon. Their latest models of A380 and Boeing 747 proved that companies are willing and able to meet the constantly changing demand of the customers in terms of flight efficiency and increased number of seats. While Boeing 747 was welcomed positively by the customers, development and introduction of A380 at the market reduced the market share of Boeing by approximately 14.8% (Newhouse, 2007). In such a way, Airbus A380 proved to be the world’s most advanced spacious and efficient aircraft (McKeegan, 2007). The current paper will analyze the role of systems and operations management, including Soft Systems Methodology, at Airbus and their integration within the business. In addition, the paper will explain how the Airbus information systems and operations management should be updated in order to support and improve their business efficiency. Finally, the paper will analyze the people, technology and organizational issues involved in improving the operations at Airbus. Brief Overview of Airbus and A380 Development Airbus has been in business for about 30 years and is jointly owned by European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company-EADS (80%) and BAE systems (20%), which are two of the largest defense contractors (Addison, 1993). Now Airbus is a single company, headquartered in Toulouse, France, began as a French-German consortium in 1970 that was soon joined by Spain and later Britain. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready to fly items. In 2000 DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, Aerospatiale-Matra and CASA in Spain merged to form EADS (Gunston, 2010). In 2001 BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace) and EADS formed the Airbus Integrated Company to coincide with the develo pment of the new Airbus A380, which will seat 845 passengers and be the world's largest commercial passenger jet. The development of A380 has been agreed as industrial cooperation across Europe, mainly Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Spain. The final assembly of the aircraft should have been done by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace in Hamburg, Germany and Aerospatiale-Matra in Toulouse, France. The picture below shows the basic dimensions of A380 in comparison with other aircrafts like B777-300, B747 and A340-600 (Newhouse, 2007). The Airbus product line consists of 14 aircraft models, starting from the 100-seat single-aisle A318 jetliner to the 525-seat A380 in three-class categories or 825-seat in one-class category with 2-4-2 seating configuration, which is now the largest civil airliner in service. The aircraft has wider seats than in previous versions and the size of individual seat screen is also wider. Until April 2011, Airbus received 234 orders for their A380 aircraft whil e 46 have been already delivered to the customers and started being in operation (see Table 1 in the Appendix). The Airbus A380 project was delayed for 18 months with an additional

Why students should take a gap year before college Essay

Why students should take a gap year before college - Essay Example Yet, there do happen to be many discerning students who take time to sort out their priorities in life. Such students do prefer to think in a more serious and concerted manner as to their expectations from and outlook towards a college education. In that context, taking a year off before college allows such students the time and the space to ponder about their future goals and aspirations in a more serious and dedicated manner. This allows them to step aside for sometime from the usual societal and academic trends, to chalk out their future course in consonance with their own values and needs. Hence, a gap year before college could indeed turn out to be fruitful and beneficial. Thereby, students should take a year off before college to gain maturity, build real world social skills, and reinforce the selection of their major. Ralph happened to be one of such student who was typically bothered by a sense of purposelessness, as he finished the high school. There was a side of him that eagerly desired to join college, as most of his friends were doing. But, there was also a facet of Ralph’s personality that wanted to spend some time sorting out his priorities and expectations from life. Luckily Ralph’s parents did not press him as he decided to take a year off after high school. Since long Ralph had been thinking of traveling to Spain. This gap year facilitated Ralph with the requisite time and opportunity. Ralph did some research on the social networking sites and joined a group of American gap year students visiting Spain. The six months that Ralph spent in Spain completely changed him. Ralph not only ended up becoming a more mature and independent person, but he also gained a reasonable level of proficiency in the Spanish language. In Spain Ralph learnt to appreciate cultural diversity and learned to get along with people from different cultures and

Monopoly and oligopoly essay Essay Example for Free

Monopoly and oligopoly essay Essay The Main characteristics of an oligopoly are that the supply of a product or products is concentrated in the hands of a few large suppliers, there could be thousands of small suppliers but the market is mainly dominated by around 4 or 5 large firms. For example firms Tesco, Asda, Sainburys and Morrisons, these are the 4 main supermarkets in the UK but there are thousands of small corner shops who provide some of the same goods the supermarkets do. Another characteristics of an oligopoly is interdependence, this is when the actions of one large firm will directly affect another large firm of the same market. For example during the Christmas period Tesco lowered the price on certain alcoholic drinks to pull customer in to the stores to buy their Christmas food shopping, Asda then followed suit and did the exact same thing with the same products. On the other hand if firms raised their prices the other firm are very unlikely to copy, the other firm are more likely to advertise the fact they are now cheaper in the hope of gaining a bigger share of the market. However there is a tendency for firms to collude and agree to raise prices together, this maintains their abnormal profits and ensure no one loses. This behaviour is illegal in the UK and the EU and firm’s caught doing this will be heavily fined. {draw:frame} Oligopoly’s are a few firm dominating a market,a monopoly is a single firm dominating a market or being a sole supplier of a market, this is called a pure monopoly. An example of a pure monopoly would be Scottish water; they are the sole provider to every household in Scotland of running water. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} For any firm profit is a must for a business to survive, firms will look in to other parts of a market to gain potential profits. For a firm to move into a particular sector of a market there would have to be good roles of profit. A firm would have to get a good return on their investment, the higher the risk and longer a firmhas to wait to earn a potential return on their capital, the greater the minimum required return on their investment they will demand. For a firm to move in to a particular sector,firms would also have to consider if this would attract new investors. If the firm was going to make a quick return on its investment this would attract more investors as they would gain higher amount of dividends on their investment.

Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching

Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching Nurhazimah Binti Mohd Za’ba Nursyafikah Binti Farakkasi   Nursyahirah Binti Mohd Sanusi   Nur Hidayu Binti Salleh Nur Syafiqah Binti Zulkiflee Nurul Ain Binti Mohd Nassir Adabi ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe difference between packet switching and circuit switching. Circuit switching is dedicated communication between two stations that connected sequence of links between network nodes. It consist 3 phase communication which are establish, transfer and disconnect. Packet switching is data transmitted in small packets that each packet contains a portion of user data plus some control information. There are a few difference between packet switching and circuit switching include the bandwidth, dedicated path, call setup delay and so on. INTRODUCTION In telecommunication networks they carried the information signals among an entity involved in the process of information transfer which may be in the form of a telephone conversation. In order to connect multiple devices, it must be point to point connection between pair of devices which we called as switches. Unfortunately, it will increase the number of connection. There are two types of switching techniques including circuit switching and packet switching. Switching is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled to setup communication path between any distant points. Circuit switching is a network which allows the associated voice which it will followed between the two respective users refer in the Figure 1 is the circuit switching network.. The end to end communication was established during the duration of the call. It is a dedicated link or path which established between the sender and the receiver. It is maintained for the entire duration of the conversation. Figure 1: Circuit SwitchingNetwork Packet switching is a network which it does not requires establishing the connection in initially. Next, the connection or channel available usually used by many users. But, if the capacity of the users increases, it will lead to congestion in the network. This network mainly used for data and voice applications requiring non-real time scenarios. It also can handle in two ways which are datagram and virtual circuit refer Figure 2 is the Packet Switching network. Figure 2: Packet Switching Network. LITERATURE REVIEW Data communications have been achieved by using a variety network such as PSTN, leased-lines and more recently ISDN and ATM/ Frame relay. These networks are partly or totally analogue or digital using technology such as circuit-switching, packet-switching etc. Main difference between Packet Switching and Circuit switching is that communication lines are not dedicated to passing massage from the sources to the destination. In Packet Switching, different message (and even different packet) can passed through the routes, and when there is a ‘dead time† in the communication between the source and the destination, the lines can be used by other sources. Oguntala George Adeyinka(2013) said that packet switching is an attempt to make a better utilization of the existing network by splitting the message to be sent to packets. Each packet contains information about the sender, the receiver, the position of the packet in the message as well as part of the actual massage. There are many protocols defining the ways packet can be sent from the sender to the receiver. Then, Pablo Molinero-Fernandez Nick McKeown (2004) said that Circuit Switching can be decomposed into a fast path without per-packet processing, and a slower path for establishing/releasing circuit, which is similar in complexity to forwarding a single packet in Packet Switching. However the slow path needs to be taken much less often (for example, the average TCP connection lasts more than 10 packets, which mean that connection are established at an average rate at least 1/10 that of packet processing in router ). For these, we argue that circuit switches can operate much faster than packet switches. The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies [4]. Leonard Kleinrock [5] conducted early research and authored a book in 1961 in the related field of digital massage switching (without explicity using the concept of the packet), and also later a played a leading roles in building and management of the world’s first packet switched network, namely the ARPANET. After that, K.Giridhar stated Packet switching is also called connectionless networking because no connections are established. The advantage of the connectionless packet model in that packets are forwarded independent of other packets. Packets are forwarded on the fly by routers based on the most current best path to a destination. If a link or routers fails, packets are quickly diverted along another path. Dr.FaridFarahmandDR.Qiong (Jo) Zhang stated the most common example of a circuit-switched network can be found in public telephone network (PTN) supporting services such as POTS (plain old telephone system) and long distances calls. Other examples of a circuit switched services are integrated service digital network (ISDN) and switched 56, 64, 384 (Kbps) services. The majority of wireless application protocols (WAP) enables phone also operate on top of circuit-switched networks. Furthermore, many public networks dedicated to data transport also use circuit-switching techniques; an example of a network in Europe is circuit-switched public data network (CSPDN), which transport data on circuit-switching networks using the X.21 protocol. Circuit-switching also has wide applications in optical networks including wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems and WDM SONET networks. METHODOLOGY Topic for our assignment is packet switching. We make a research to get the information about this topic in library and also internet. There’s a lot information we get from internet that give information about definition, benefit and function. The definition of packet switching give us simple introduction to us to understand the concept of packet switching. After we understand the concept, we find out the article or journal from internet that can give us a more information about packet switching. The article must be from year 2012 to make sure that information are relevant with our topic and current study. This article can be found from OPAC system that can used in library website. Every article has their own writer and bibliographic databases that make us easier to find the reference if there’s a question refer to packet switching if we are not understand to topic. In internet, we find extra information by inserting the term of packet switching in key words in Google t o get more explanation about function of packet switching. The bibliographies are used for us for further study and this way give us more information packet switching. The journal is created by other university and this journal help us to understand the topic. The history about packet switching also found in internet and the technology in packet switching also change and it make data can be transfer in good ways even though the data is large. Based from the information get from internet will make us more understand about the topic and help us to success give simple explanation about the topic of packet switching in report. After make research in internet, we go to library to find information regarding our topic which is packet switching. There’s some book that have some explanation about the benefit of packet switching. We also know about the main concept of packet switching from the book in library. The main concepts give more information about how the packet switching work in real situation. After that, we know the weakness and benefit of packet switching in transfer data in computer or cellphone. Even this packet switching have a disadvantage when transferring the data and it still can function more efficient after they develop a new technology this make sure the data can send to location. We also can refer from our senior journal in library after they done their final year project which related with topic packet switching. This information can help us to know the function packet switching with a technology that still use the concept during transferring data in destination address in packet. We also make a small interview with a friend who already work in IT department but the information that we get from him are not related to our topic. So, we are not use that information to be write in this report. Lastly, we combine all the information about packet switching that we found from internet, journal and book to be write in this report. Before we write this report, we already discuss and make some explanations in this report to make sure this report are occupy our objective to understand the topic of packet switching. We try to help each other understand the topic based from information we get from internet , journal , article and book. Everyone have knowledge and information after done this project that can be used in career life. We take about more than one month to finish this research and this report can be use as reference for our junior if they want to continue this research in their present time in future. CONCLUSION At the end of this article, we present the two switching techniques used in networks: circuit switching and packet switching; whereas datagram packet switching and virtual circuit packet switching. Then, we also are able to compare a difference between circuit switching and packet switching. REFERENCES [1] Oguntala George Adeyinka, â€Å"Network Solution, Applications and challenges of Mobile Computing In Africa,† International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, volume 4, issues 10, pp. 884-889, October 2013. [3] Pablo Molinero-Fernandez Nick McKeown, The Performances of Circuit Switching in the Internet, Computer System Laboratory, Stanford University (2004). [4] Roberts L.G (1978). The Evolution of Packet Switching, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.66, no11, pp.1307-1313. 1978. [5] Kleinrock L. (1961), Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961. [6] K.Giridhar, â€Å"Packet Switched Data Network and Its Evolution†, Information Technology and Communications Resources for development, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (Tenet) Group, Department Of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute Of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India (2007). [7] Dr.Farid Farahmand DR.Qiong (Jo) Zhang, Circuit Switching, Central Connecticut State University Arizona State University at West Campus (2007). [8]  http://www.slideshare.net/sdsnehaldalvi/circuit-switching-packet-switching [9] Telecommunication System Engineering, Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, chapter 5.

Trends In Economic Botany: The Rising Use Of Herbal Supplements :: Botany

Trends In Economic Botany: The Rising Use Of Herbal Supplements The use of herbal remedies to treat health problems in humans is a tradition that dates back many centuries. A precursor to modern, Western pharmaceuticals, traditional healers used herbs to treat a wide range of ailments and afflictions. While many are familiar with their use by American Indians, the practice of herbal therapy dates back to ancient Chinese and Egyptian healers. Herbs were used in ancient times to treat anything from headaches (with willow bark tea, now an active ingredient in aspirin) to fever and premenstrual syndrome (with chamomile). In an age of modern pharmaceuticals and their ready availability in Western culture, it is easy to forget that approximately 40% of today's modern medicines are produced with chemicals derived from plants (Counter 1998). In a trend reversal that has the modern medical community alarmed and puzzled, the sales of herbal remedies in the Untied States has increased dramatically. Traditionally, Europe has been the largest market for herbal remedies, accounting for 45% or $7.5 billion in sales for 1997 (Scimone and Scimone 1998). Within Europe, Germany dominates the market with sales of $3.6 billion, followed by France ($1.8 billion), Italy ($800 million) and the United Kingdom ($300 million) (Scimone and Scimone 1998). Growth in the European market was predicted to be 5-10% in 1998-1999 and 15-20% in 1999-2000 (Scimone and Scimone 1998). The European market has become solidly established over the past 80 years, with a modest growth rate until recent years that has shown another upward trend. The United States market is a completely different story. The herbal industry has "evolved exponentially over the past two years, with significant entry into the mass market within the past two years" (Botanicals International 1998). Sales of herbal supplements reached $4 billion in 1998, up from $1.6 billion in 1994 , a rise of 250% (American Botanical Council 1998). Sales have been projected to increase between 50-100% in 1998-99 and between 20-25% in 2000-01(Scimone and Scimone 1998). What has caused this dramatic increase? While an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine (1998) blamed this "reversion to irrational approaches" on "disillusionment with the often hurried and impersonal care delivered by conventional physicians", it is also viewed as the economic influence of the aging baby-boomers. As they have become older, this generation has become more health conscious and increasingly dissatisfied with conventional medicine in their attempts to diminish the adverse effects of aging (Brenneman 1999).

Essay --

Throughout the course of science, animal cloning has been occurring for many years. Due to the newly developed technology, it has opened up the idea of cloning human. Cloning is â€Å"A DNA sequence, such as a gene, that is transferred from one organism to another and replicated by genetic engineering techniques.† This method happens asexually and can only be found in certain bacteria and plants. For human cloning to occur it will have to be done outside of the physical human body, where an egg is taken and DNA is inserted and then it is put back into the womb for development. There may be many benefits to human cloning, but there are many ethical concerns that many arise in idea of human cloning. In Leon R. Kass article Cloning of Human Beings, Kass â€Å"urges the commission to declare human cloning deeply unethical and to recommend a legal ban.† (Kass 577) In order to fully understand the ethical concerns that may arise in the idea of human cloning and genetic engineering, lets define the two. Kass defines cloning as a form of asexual reproduction in which an individual or individuals are created up to be genetically identical to and already living organism, by the form of a test tube in a lab. The notion of human cloning involved the extraction of an unfertilized egg from a woman, and the removal of the nucleus which homes all the genetic information, and replacing it with the nucleus from the specialized cell of another organism. According to the Webster’s dictionary, genetic engineering is the â€Å"scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. It involves the production and use of recombinant DNA and has been employed t o create bacteria that synthesize insulin and other human proteins.† Kass states ... ... In my opinion, I think that being born a clone is one thing, but the fact of living up to the expectations of the person your parents never got to be is merely wrong and unethical. The issue brought up many time is the fact that human cloning has not been proven to result in a healthy cloned baby with no defect, so my question is if the baby is born with defects what are they to do sue their â€Å"parents†? In addition, if the cloned baby is born with many defects, what are the parents to do? Throw that baby away and keep trying the process of cloning until they have the perfect baby, now this will raise other ethical concerns. Living the life as a genetic creation, created I a laboratory with a group of scientist is just an awkward thought. These are only some the mental issues about cloning that should be considered when the thought of human cloning is at hand.

Drone Usage in War-Time Tactics Essay

Since the introduction of drones in war, the NY Times claims that the â€Å"CIA have not committed one civilian fatality, while allowing the troop death rate to decrease dramatically.† During the constant bettering of machinery throughout the world, the use of technology has come to a halt when it comes to an unmanned aerial vehicle. Slowly proving to be more reliable than the average pilot, in the years progressing new found respect has been shown by doubting militaries. In a HALE UAV article written by Carlos Reyes he states that â€Å"drones can fly up to 60,000 feet, being able to steadily winds at 15 mph compared to 50 mph winds at 40,000 feet.†(Reyes) and are able to outdo a pilot by almost 10,000 feet, due to the -75 degree weather. Portrayed by the US State Department as drones being useless, the use of drones has relentlessly grown to underestimated levels. A drone is classified as being â€Å"a UAV that is able to be controlled and sustain flight for numerous amounts of time, by a remote control†. The art of flying an attacking airplane remotely has made a strong peace appeal to not only the military but the citizens of the United States as well. By allowing the use of Drones in war time tactics, the innovation through this â€Å"technological leap† will help decrease in civilian deaths as well as increase in terrorist fatalities. Historically, the first ever drone was used in the form of a balloon, back during the American Civil War and was aimed to land in the ammo depot and destroy any ammunition around. While the first ever (shooting) drone used in the military was back in 1960, where its main objective was to destroy. The Russians were proven to be the cause of this revolution. They had shot down a manned spy craft vehicle, without any firearms attached, patrolling the Russian border. Quickly upgrading in technology, showed to be vital in the way war was thought out and conducted. One Subsonic Target created in 1951 and that is still used today, is the Firebee. The USAF (United States Air Force) required a UAV that was a jet powered aerial target that was able to be used from ground – air as well as air – air combat. The primary objective of the Firebee was to â€Å"simulate tactical threats by enemy aircraft and missiles for defense readiness training, air-to-air combat training and the development and evaluation of weapon systems†. This is explaining that these UAV’s were used as test dummies for practice, but also helped better technology of other weapons. Since the beginning of UAV’s, there have been multiple advances not only in the way they are operated but as well in what they are capable of doing. With a variety of drones used now days, they have different classifications. There are ones from Reconnaissance drones (used for battlefield intelligence) to Combatant Drones (that provide attack capabilities in high risk situations). The use of all these various aircraft systems is to work together, to provide air support to the troops on the ground while eliminating the chance of a pilot dying. Using an article from the Chicago Sun-Times states that â€Å"Anwar al-Awlaki was followed by two United States predator drones, who watched him get into his vehicle and soon launched three hellfire missiles that obliterated him, explaining that no American was present during the attack.† (March)These drones are capable of eliminating any target as well as spying on anything for long periods of time. With the use of drones in war i t can ultimately: â€Å"reduce any battle fatigue felt by a pilot, reduce the cost of projecting power, and are able to apply more precise force† (Henning) Opposing the use of drones in war and using manned aircrafts, increases the actuality of killing an opposing target (any civilian) rather than hitting the intended target. Used as the main defense to their view, manned aircraft supporters claim that drones are taking away the number of job in the United States. This proves that the average person is showing to be clueless in the field of technology. While drones do take away a numerous amount of jobs, they also increase the job availability by almost triple what they took out. As stated later in my paper, over 180 people are used to evaluate the departure and return of just one aircraft (drone). These people are paid to oversee, protect, and fix any problems with the flying vehicle. This ultimately creates jobs for people in any fields of work to not only contribute to the use of them, while not only getting paid, but by helping out the United States military in the process. In the debate between the uses of drones, there is one major aspect that challenges drones in war-time tactics. These questions ask, are drones ethical? Drones prove to be ethical in many ways, but one that proves to be of the up most importance is the defense of our nation against the Taliban and Al Qaeda. Stated in the CQ Press â€Å"the Obama administration has already carried out at least 101 drone strikes, doubling the amount during Bush’s presidency.†(CQ Press) Many drone supporters argue that â€Å"these strikes are precise, limit collateral damage, as well as save the lives of United States soldiers.†(CQ Press) and a main idea that backs up the ethical use of drones, goes back to the weakening of Al Qaeda and his troops. Since the year 2004, 95 percent of all the killings made by a drone have been of either terrorists or militia. This proves that not only do drones precisely attack the person(s) targeted, but also save the lives of innocent people as well as the lives of United States soldiers. Another ethical issue that should be discussed asks, is the use of drones a technological tipping point in war? Thought to enhance decision makers to â€Å"resort to a policy far sooner than previously† multiple active and retired Air Force veterans state that the â€Å"aircraft brings in more decision-makers, better targeting data and more accurate delivery systems than fighter jets.†(Pincus). For every Predator (a type of drone) flown, there are 180 people there to oversee, protect, and enhance the plane at all times. Also, before any attack is made a â€Å"bug splat† report is read (the impact the missile would have) which helps protect innocent civilians who are in the line of fire. Nothing of this sort can be done with manned vehicles. Throughout this whole time, the person that will ultimately push the button to fire the missile will go through the same pre-mission routine that any Air Force Pilot would. This shows that even if technology is taking over war , the decisions and consequences will still be the same as the one who makes the decisions in a manned vehicle. The main Reconnaissance aerial drone used now is the Global Hawk. This Unmanned Aerial vehicle is used mainly by the United Stated Air Force and as well as the Navy. This drone has the same general concept as the Firebee but is much more technologically advanced. It is able to provide a Synthetic Aperture Rader (SAR) as well as an Electro Infrared (EIR). This SAR uses an antenna signal and its target area to provide a long-term signal. Its main use is on an aircraft of any sort, where it is mounted on, and can flash pulses of radio waves to show the direct location of the object. The EIR is an image that include long times of loitering over any target area and can survey as much as 40,000 sq. /miles a day. This aerial vehicle is the one that patrols the area and looks for enemy militia prior to the appearance of the Predator Drone. The attack drone used in today’s wars is called the Predator Drone. This is as well an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, but one that destroys. Even though the Predator Drone carries cameras and sensors on it for when it is needed to patrol a certain site; it also can carry and fire two â€Å"hellfire† missiles. A hellfire missile is â€Å"one that can be launched from multiple air, sea, or ground platforms. It is the main missile used by the United States Air Force. Since the early 2000’s, the Predator Drone is the dominant UAV used for any offensive operation conducted through the United States. Being one of the most reliable drones, it has seen combat in: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bosnia, Serbia, Iraq, Yemen and Libya. With the use of Drones bettering our war-time decisions, they also affect the way the United States conducts itself. There are numerous amounts of ways that drones help our society other than in war. From the help of drones fertilizing bigger areas of land in Agriculture, to the use of Weather Balloons to help out in environmental control in Weather Research. As well as finding resources under the sea in Marine Sources, to helping the Coast Guard control the borders in Coast Watch. Even though some of these drones are used to oversee governmental activities, drones will still be used in the Borders to help control crime and help decrease in drug distribution in the United States. By allowing the use of drones in war-time tactics, it allows the death toll for terrorists or other questionable sources to increase, whereas American soldier distribution can be favored in another area of the military. Not only does this â€Å"technology leap† show the major accomplishments that we have had as a country towards drones, but encourages Americans that even better things are to come in the future. Though the drones we use now are a compelling reason to agree with the use of drones in war, the creation of the â€Å"Dragon Eye† and â€Å"Shadow 2000† will help alter your undecided mind. These future inventions are supposed to be able to â€Å"detect nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, see into triple canopy jungles and provide low- cost and reliable communications and data relay across the battlefield. With the major leaps and bounds already achieved by the advancement of technology, shows that only good things are to come in the near future.

Grapes of Wrath Summary

The Grapes Of Wrath Gena Rodriguez Student in Crime Films The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes Of Wrath was a book that followed the Joad family on their journey from their deserted farm in Oklahoma to the riches of California, as their farms were destroyed in Oklahoma. They took few possessions with them on their journey, however they had eachother. They even picked up others along the way, all in hopes of a vision of getting their lives on track in California. Their journey was not easy as they had trouble with their vehicle, they lost family members and friends to death, and even heard several rumors of a depleted job market.The salesmen and pawnbrokers took full advantage of them as they knew that the families were in no position to deny payments for their goods. The family continued to stay together and remained positive as they looked forward to what was to come. Upon arrival in California, the Joads were met with much hostility. The camps were overcrowded and full of starving migran ts, who were often nasty to each other. The locals were fearful and angry at the flood of newcomers, and label the migrants as â€Å"Okies. Work is almost impossible to find or pays such a meager wage that a family’s full day of work cannot buy a decent meal. Farmers resent the droves of Okies from flooding the state, as hungry and impoverished people are a danger. They are viewed as vagrants and thieves. The farmers, police and landowners were in a position of power, and it seems that they only seek to take advantage of those below them. They did not falter even when they were in a position to save a family, they refused to give up their wealth.The farmers used the police to their advantage, as they would have deputies destroy secret gardens, so that the camps people would not have extra food. The police labeled labor organizers as â€Å"red† and had them removed from camps for trying to organize and get decent wages and contracts for workers. Those labeled as  "red† were placed on a blacklist and could not get work. The farmers’ association even tried to organize a riot, which they would pay certain â€Å"Okies† to start trouble, get the organizers put in jail and have the camp shut down.The migrants, got word of this and prevented it. Police seemed to be uncaring, rude, and cold mannered. They were abusive and corrupt. Many of the people in the camps felt they had to pretend to be incoherent and ramble, act â€Å"bull simple†, so that the police viewed them as unthreatening and idiots. Many of the â€Å"Okies† seemed to lack respect for the police due to their degrading treatment. An example would be Ma Joad chasing the police officer with a skillet. The police also acted recklessly such as in the shooting of Floyd Knowles.The police shot at him, but struck another woman in the crowd. Floyd Knowles was being arrested for trying to organize a contract and wages for workers, however the farmer became angry and informed the police. Knowles was later arrested on a bogus charge. The portrayal of police in this book can easily be compared to that of current police portrayals in movies and television shows. The times have changed to where people want to see the bad cop win or more action from police. The book portrays police as almost heartless and insincere, and corrupt.It portrays the police officer not as someone you go to, but someone you stay away from, which is very much in line with current trends in media. There are so many different types of police officers portrayed. Certain fictional dramas have come to show police officers as being corrupt and taking advantage of the power they hold but in my opinion this is not just fictional but rather a reality. This typed is definitely apparent in the book and the show â€Å"Underbelly†. There are some shows which portray police as masculine, overly intelligent, fit, aggressive, action packed, and always willing to shoot at suspects .The reality is that the public want to see these kinds of police officers. All of the excitement and glamour of being a police officer is what everyone wants to watch. A show where police are filling out forms and writing up boring reports just won’t cut it. The glamourized types of officers are portrayed in shows like â€Å"Hawaii 5 0† and â€Å"NYPD†, whereas the more realistic approach to policing is portrayed in shows like â€Å"First 48† and â€Å"cops†. References The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

Manager Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Manager Interviews - Essay Example One of the most common procedures made use of to date includes the qualitative research methods, the quantitative research method, and the mixed research methods (McBride, 2005). Brilliantine, is amongst the firms under study, and poses as a firm, working with the reception of three main categories of calls from its clients. After conclusively interviewing not only the firms’ manager, Mrs. Sutton Banks, but also other executives of the firm, it was clear that the services rendered include, emergency calls, which would lie considered as the most vital of all the firms operations, as they result to having the firms’ agents being on the phone, for an average time of thirty minutes. This however goes further to lie spread over to a greater number of calls, whereby the customer, the client’s family, or even the neighbors are at times involved in the entire calling procedure. Technical enquiries, as well as reassurance calls, are also part of the buildup that the firm consists and works with (Esty, 2006). On the other hand, I learnt from my research that, a spa managers’ job is one of the most demanding positions that one could take up today. The flourishing spa industry gives one the opportunity to engage in procedures that bring with them rewards, excitement and, most importantly, great hope and exemplary results. However, with all this comes the other side of spas that many people may tend to know very little about. From my interview with the manager of one popular spa around that I visited, I learnt that despite holding this somewhat desired position, a lot comes with bearing that role. It is evident that with that very demanding position as a spa manager, the predicament of need for more support in terms of moral support and guidance, as well as training of staff is a major setback if lacked. In addition, it is also a very necessary factor, if the spa is to perform in accordance to the set standards (Plunkett, 2012). Technology in bus iness is essential because without it issues such as globalization, efficient communication with customers, security, as well as efficiency of operations would not lie realized. Annual tradeshows offering vendor support to dealers and cruise incentive trip for top performing dealers have also remained carried out in a bid to improve its dealer’s relations (Esty, 2006). Moreover, I learnt that, like any other management position, to be a successful spa manager, one tends to develop more in terms of success of the spa, too, with more relevant education and experience that tends to address not only their life skills but business skills as well. A well-established spa, such as the one covered in my research, incorporates various functions that may not necessarily be independent (McBride, 2005). Among various departments that should lie considered equally important is the finance department. This what, at the end of the day, the manager, and the managerial crew count on to reveal any income or possible loss where it applies. Just to mention a few roles of this department, it interprets all the financial reports and provides expertise on matters concerned with the overall revenue against the expenses incurred. This department is also mainly concerned with administration of staff and scheduling of clients to ensure maximum revenue generation and profitability as well (Plunkett, 2012). Thorough research entails a careful search of a subject matter in order to

FIN unit 5 IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FIN unit 5 IP - Essay Example By establishing production facilities in other countries especially where the cost of production is low, the firm starts to import its products back to home. Vernon’s product life-cycle theory was initially developed in US due to the fact that the most of new products were initiated in the US market. As more regions became developed, the theory was emulated by other countries such as China and Japan among other countries. One of the notable strengths of the Vernon’s product life-cycle theory is that it clearly explains the historical development of foreign domestic investment (Moffett et al, 2009). Nevertheless, based on the complexity in the production process globally, Vernon’s product life-cycle theory cannot neatly hold. For instance, as many countries initiate production systems, new products are being introduced at the same time in addition to establishment of production facilities in many countries simultaneously. Based on stiff competition that is been ex perienced in the current business atmosphere, many countries are focused at supporting their local companies by offering incentives such as tax subsidies and training of their work force. One of the major reasons as to why host countries, resist cross-border acquisitions is that they view them as foreign companies who are aimed at taking over their local firms without creating employment opportunities. On the other hand, host countries, view green field investments as economic drivers that are focused at establishing new production facilities that acts as major sources of employment for the local residents (Wang, 2005). Additionally, some host companies are viewed as competitors whose aim is to create products that are similar to those of the host companies. As a result, the local firms are faced with fewer sales leading to reduced amount of tax paid to the government thus resulting to slow development of the host countries. As local companies adopt foreign domestic investment, they are faced with various risks that range from currency risk to political risks. Based on the need to produce a budget that entails all the assets and liabilities that firms have at a certain date, it is imperative to incorporate the risks so as to provide fair position of the companies’ financial position. Political risks entail the complications that local and foreign businesses may face due to a political change. Beside macroeconomic factors, political risks can be caused by social policies as well as changes in investment, labour and changes in development among others. Political risks can be divided into macro political risks and macro political risks. While micro political risks are specifically related to a project, macro political risks affect all sectors of a country. During capital budgeting, firms should incorporate political risks in various ways. First, an organization can adjust the cost of capital upwards in order to indicate the impact of political risk. This i s followed by discounting the expected cash flows at an increased rate. Secondly, a firm can deduct insurance premiums associated with political risks from the future cash flows. This is followed by using the normal cost of capital which is adopted by the domestic capital budgeting. The need for expansion in foreign countries has forced many firms to emulate various strategies in order to expand their tangible and intangible assets. Two notable